Even the supposedly bright lines are… smudged. Take the pronouncement that no talent likenesses or voices are included. Fine. But how exactly do you separate Han Solo from Harrison Ford? Or Leia from the late Carrie Fisher? Presumably, the A.I. will be able to manage this murky grey area—creating animated images that are close enough for fan fiction, but far enough to avoid triggering SAG-AFTRA (or so Disney hopes). That guild, for its part, is already promising to keep an eagle eye on how this all unfolds.

And then there’s the preeminent question: What exactly are users allowed to do with these creations? Sure, fans can generate and share shortform videos featuring Disney’s crown jewels—but do they actually own anything? Will there be restrictions on, say, licensing their A.I.-generated mashup of Darth Vader and Homer Simpson to Netflix, Paramount+, or (dare I say) YouTube? Under U.S. law, creators of derivative works often hold a separate copyright in their original additions. Which opens the door to a legal hall of mirrors—thousands of micro-rights-holders with legally cognizable interests in Disney-adjacent content.

Of course, it’s also possible that Disney isn’t really open-sourcing its characters. Maybe Sora users won’t even get commercial rights at all—perhaps they’ll even have to license their creations back, ensuring that Disney+ has a steady pipeline of algorithmic slop and that no overeager fan can sue the studio for reverse infringement. So yes, some are calling this a watershed moment in Hollywood’s techno-embrace. I’d caution patience. The copyright lawyers I know will be billing briskly for years to come.

---

The ’26 Docket

How the Disney–OpenAI deal will actually be implemented—and whether it becomes a template for future partnerships—isn’t the only thing I’ll be watching out for next year. When it comes to A.I. and the law, there are several other questions already flashing on my radar:

1. Will any A.I. copyright suit actually reach trial?

So far, more than 70 such cases have been filed, and the tally grows almost weekly. While none are firmly set for trial in the coming year, the likeliest candidates in 2026 include the book authors’ suit against Meta, The New York Times’s case against OpenAI, and a consolidated action over Google’s web-scraping practices. Even short of a trial, these cases are poised to deliver consequential rulings as summary-judgment briefing comes due, particularly on the central question of whether training A.I. models on copyrighted works qualifies as fair use.

2. How about appeals?

The odds of a significant ruling are pretty high. Several interlocutory appeals are already in motion, and none looms larger than Thomson Reuters v. Ross Intelligence, now before the Third Circuit. The dispute, over the use of Westlaw headnotes to train an A.I.-powered legal search engine, has drawn a broad array of amicus briefs from Hollywood studios, record industry giants, the Writers Guild, the News/Media Alliance, and others. The resulting opinion could shape how courts approach the core fair-use inquiries: what counts as “transformative,” and how the possibility of licensing training data should factor into the market-harm analysis.

3. And what about the Supreme Court?

Yes, the justices are poised to leave a sizable imprint on A.I. law through their forthcoming decision in Cox v. Sony Music, a case testing the consequences for internet service providers that fail to cut off known repeat infringers. As I wrote a few weeks ago, the ruling could have meaningful spillover effects on how A.I. companies design guardrails around user behavior. Based on the oral argument earlier this month, the court appears to be searching for a middle ground—unwilling to bless a billion-dollar verdict, but also reluctant to let entities that derive financial benefit from piracy off the hook. A decision is expected this spring.

Meanwhile, the court has quietly teed up another potentially seismic issue. Just weeks ago, the justices asked the Copyright Office to weigh in on a petition raising the question of whether A.I.-generated outputs are entitled to copyright protection at all. If the court decides to take the case, the implications would be enormous.

4. How will Trump’s executive order purporting to invalidate state A.I. regulation actually play out?

The president can’t preempt state law by fiat. But with Trump’s push, the D.O.J. will be stepping into court regularly to aggressively challenge state A.I. laws on the theory that they impermissibly regulate interstate commerce or conflict with federal policy. States will also bring their own cases when agencies begin cutting off grant money. California suing after the F.C.C. yanks broadband funding is one plausible early flash point.

Which state laws become the subject of litigation remains to be seen. Transparency mandates—including those requiring A.I. companies to disclose training data—are near certainties. A showdown between Trump and Ron DeSantis is also a reasonable and provocative possibility, especially now that the Florida governor is shepherding an ambitious slate of consumer-protection measures on the A.I. front, as my colleague Peter Hamby recently noted. Murkier is the fate of local laws aimed at curbing nonconsensual deepfakes of voices and likenesses. SAG-AFTRA has pushed hard for these measures nationwide, but they invite First Amendment scrutiny, leaving an opening should the federal government decide to wade in.

5. Speaking of which, what will be the big “likeness” fight to watch?

When a star like Scarlett Johansson complains that her voice is being used without permission for an A.I. chatbot, it commands attention. But for all the noise—and the wave of statutes passed in response—there have been surprisingly few cases testing these new likeness protection laws. That’s why my eyebrows went up when Johnny Cash’s heirs sued Coca-Cola in Nashville over a commercial aired during this college football season—one featuring a singing voice “remarkably like” the Man in Black. It may not be a classic deepfake, but as far as I can tell, it’s the first lawsuit brought under Tennessee’s much-ballyhooed ELVIS Act (“Ensuring Likeness, Voice, and Image Security”). It’s early, but this case jumps to the top of my docket to watch.

6. How will the next round of collective bargaining reshape A.I. in Hollywood?

The last round of negotiations between the studios and the guilds—and the work stoppages that followed—may feel uncomfortably recent, but it’s already time to head back to the bargaining table. Will this cycle go more smoothly? Perhaps. The 2023 agreements imposed modest guardrails on the use of A.I., including notice and compensation requirements when productions deploy digital replicas of performers. But plenty of unresolved issues remain, especially now that companies like Disney and Lionsgate are beginning to license their I.P. to A.I. developers.

Expect model training to move closer to the center of the conversation this time around. So, too, will the scope of consent and the adequacy of compensation—areas where the existing framework is likely to feel thin as the technology advances. The good news is that, for now at least, no one appears eager to relive an all-out labor war.

7. And which A.I. dust-up is most likely to demand popcorn?

That one’s easy: Elon Musk versus Altman, over whether OpenAI abandoned its founding mission and remade itself into a profit-seeking enterprise snugly aligned with Microsoft. The fight pits two of tech’s most recognizable figures against each other, with Altman firing back that Musk has waged a “yearslong harassment campaign.” Along the way, some familiar names show up, including Ari Emanuel, who joined the investor group that Musk assembled in a bid to buy OpenAI. Musk is represented by Marc Toberoff, who is best known for his copyright termination efforts, including ongoing litigation against Warner Bros. over Superman and Paramount over Top Gun.

The two sides have spent the past year mired in discovery, all of it set to spill into public view at a trial scheduled for March. And if that weren’t sufficiently cinematic, Amazon MGM is poised to release the already shot Artificial, directed by Luca Guadagnino and starring Andrew Garfield as Altman—proof that, in this saga, the litigation and the screen adaptation may arrive almost simultaneously.